STEMI equivalent 응급 심근경색만큼 위험한 소견

응급으로 치료를 요하는 심근경색 STEMI 의 ECG 기준에 부합하진 않지만 그만큼 위험하여(관상동맥 막힘) STEMI와 같은 처치 (관상동맥 스텐트, 혈관성형술, 혈전용해 등..)이 필요한 질환을 STEMI equivalent라고 한다.

 

우선 STEMI의 기준

Per the 2018 AHA “Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction,” ECG manifestations suggestive of MI (in the absence of LVH and BBB) include:

• ≥ 2.5 mm STE in V2-V3 for males < 40 years*
• ≥ 2 mm STE in V2- V3 for males ≥ 40 years*
• ≥ 1.5 mm STE in V2-V3 for females regardless of age*
• ≥ 1 mm STE all other leads

 

STEMI Equivalents
STEMI equivalents represent coronary occlusion without meeting the traditional STE criteria and are equally important to recognize in a timely fashion. Emergency physicians must know to involve interventional cardiologists for patients with dynamic ECG changes, persistent ischemic chest pain, hemodynamic instability, and STEMI equivalent patterns that require emergent PCI to minimize morbidity and mortality.

de Winter T-waves
This ECG pattern was described in 2008 by de Winter RJ, et al. in 2008 with a case series that described this pattern occurring in approximately 2% of LAD occlusions.3 This pattern, as seen on ECG #1, demonstrates > 1 mm of upsloping STD and tall symmetric T-waves, most commonly in the precordial leads. There may be 0.5-1 mm STE in aVR, but there should be no STE in the precordial leads. Patients with this ECG pattern and a presentation concerning for ACS warrant immediate revascularization.4
Suggested occlusion: LAD

Wellen's Syndrome
In 1979 Gerson MC, et al. described exercise-induced U-wave inversions during exercise that were highly predictive of proximal LAD disease.5 The term Wellen’s syndrome is used describe these ECG changes, which represent a reperfusion pattern in the setting of severe proximal LAD stenosis, when seen in an asymptomatic patient who was recently symptomatic. There are 2 patterns seen with Wellen’s syndrome: Type A has biphasic T-waves, and Type B has deep, symmetric T-wave inversions. Diagnosis requires preserved R-wave progression, no precordial Q-waves, minimal STE, and the characteristic T-waves in the precordial leads (typically V2-V3). Treatment is coronary catheterization; stress testing is contraindicated because of the high risk of precipitating infarction.6

 

ECG > Biphasic T waves in anterior precordial leads suggesting Wellen’s Syndrome

 

 

Posterior MI
Posterior MIs are easily missed because of the absence of any STE. Posterior involvement is estimated to occur in 15-21% of all acute myocardial infarctions8 and in isolation ~3% of the time, typically due to occlusion of the left circumflex or right coronary arteries. Since there are no leads that look directly at the posterior wall, the associated ECG changes are reciprocal changes seen in the anterior leads V1-V3.7 Typical ECG changes include STD (reciprocal STE), tall R-waves (reciprocal Q-waves), and prominent positive T-waves (reciprocal terminal T-wave inversions). A posterior ECG should be obtained, and STE ≥ 0.5 mm (≥ 1 mm in men < 40 years) in V7, V8, or V9 is diagnostic of a posterior MI. Note that the absence of elevations in the posterior leads does not exclude a posterior MI.
Suggested occlusion: LCx or RCA

Inferior MI with STD in V1-V3 suggesting concurrent posterior MI 

Right Ventricular MI
While isolated RV MIs are uncommon, ~1/3 of inferior MIs have RV involvement.7 The importance of recognizing RV involvement is that these patients are preload dependent. Treatment is often IV fluids and inotropes. Medications that decrease preload (eg, nitroglycerin, beta blockers, morphine) can precipitate hypotension and should be avoided or used judiciously. RV MI should be suspected when there is concurrent STE in V1 (which can be masked by a concurrent posterior MI) but should be considered in any inferior MI. A right-sided ECG should be obtained, and STE ≥ 0.5 mm (≥ 1 mm in men < 30 years) in V3R or V4R is diagnostic of a RV infarction.1 Note that the absence of elevations in the right-sided leads does not exclude a RV MI.

 

Inferior MI with STE in the right-sided leads (V3-V6 = V3R-V6R) indicating RV involvement

STE aVR with Diffuse STD
STE ≥ 1 mm in aVR or V1 with STD ≥ 1 mm in ≥ 6 leads can suggest left main coronary artery insufficiency, proximal LAD insufficiency, or triple vessel disease, especially if accompanied by pathologic Q-waves, hemodynamic compromise, and/or refractory symptoms. STD are most prominent in the inferior and lateral leads and thought to represent subendocardial ischemia. This ECG pattern is not specific to LMCA/proximal LAD insufficiency and can be seen in other conditions (eg, pulmonary embolism, aortic dissection, LVH with strain pattern). The 2013 ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Management of STEMI recommend invasive angiography for patients with this ECG pattern and a presentation concerning for ACS.
Suggested insufficiency: LMCA, proximal LAD, triple vessel

STE in aVR and V1 with diffuse STD suggesting LMCA/proximal LAD insufficiency or triple vessel disease

TWI in aVL
The isolated TWI in aVL is associated with both impending inferior wall MI and mid-LAD lesions.

Birnbaum Y et al. described reciprocal changes in aVL occurring in most patients with inferior wall MIs, and in some cases it was the only early indicator of an impending MI.13 Hassen et al. describes TWI in aVL as also predictive of a mid-LAD lesion.14 It is important to look for reciprocal changes when evaluating ECGs for signs of ischemia and to have a low threshold for obtaining serial ECGs, especially if there are non-diagnostic but concerning findings.
Suggested occlusion: RCA, LCx, LAD

TWI in aVL and hyperacute T-waves in the inferior leads seen in an early inferior MI

Hyperacute T-waves
Hyperacute T-waves in ≥ 2 contiguous leads may be the first signs of a developing infarct, often preceding any STE.1 Hyperacute T-waves appear broad based, often asymmetric with a more gradual upstroke than downstroke, and tall relative to the associated QRS complex. An upright T-wave in V1 > V6, described as loss of precordial T-wave balance, is considered hyperacute and concerning for ischemia especially if this is a new finding.15 A new upright T-wave in lead V1 in the absence of a LBBB or LVH is abnormal and may represent ischemia. Manno et al. described an upright T-wave in V1 as often associated with left circumflex disease.16 These findings warrant close observation, serial ECGs, and ruling out hyperkalemia as the cause of the ECG changes.
Suggested occlusion: Left circumflex

Case Conclusion
The patient’s ECG was notable for diffuse STD and tall prominent T-waves in the anterior precordial leads, concerning for De Winter T-waves. The patient was placed on telemetry, defibrillator pads applied, IV access obtained, and aspirin was administered. Interventional cardiology was called stat and immediately took the patient to the catheterization lab. Coronary angiography revealed a 100% occlusion of the proximal LAD, which was successfully stented (see figures 1 and 2). The patient was discharged 2 days later on appropriate medical therapy.

Figures 1 and 2: Pre- and post-stenting angiography

 

Take-Home Points
It is important to remember that an ECG is not 100% sensitive for coronary occlusion and that the absence of STE does not rule out an MI. This case is an excellent example of a patient requiring PCI even though his ECG didn’t meet STEMI criteria.

Always remember that you are treating the patient in front of you (not their ECG), serial ECGs are your friend, and the 2014 AHA/ACC Guidelines for Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation ACS recommend early (within 2 hours) invasive strategies for patients with hemodynamic instability, signs of heart failure, ventricular dysrhythmias, or angina refractory to medical management.